Effect of asparagine, cysteine, citrulline, and glutamine on in vitro rooting and biochemical constituents in cherry rootstocks (2025)

Biologia plantarum 60:1-12, 2016|DOI:10.1007/s10535-015-0562-6

Effect of asparagine, cysteine, citrulline, and glutamine on in vitro rooting and biochemical constituents in cherry rootstocks

V. Sarropoulou^1,*, C. Chatzissavvidis², K. Dimassi-Theriou¹, I. Therios¹

¹Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

²Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece

Effects of four amino acids, L-asparagine, L-cysteine, L-citrulline, and L-glutamine in different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg dm^-3) combined with 2 mg dm^-3 indole-3-butyric acid, on in vitro rooting and biochemical constituents of cherry rootstocks CAB-6P (Prunus cerasus L.) and Gisela 6 (P. canescens × P. cerasus) were investigated. In CAB-6P, root number and root fresh mass (FM) were maximum at 0.5 mg dm^-3 cysteine. All amino acids reduced root length in CAB-6P and root number as well as root FM in Gisela 6. In Gisela 6, 0.5 mg dm^-3 asparagine or 2 mg dm^-3 glutamine reduced root length. In CAB-6P, 100 % rooting was achieved in the control and with 1 and 2 mg dm^-3 cysteine or 1 mg dm^-3 citrulline. In Gisela 6, the rooting percentage was maximum (76.92 %) with 0.5 mg dm^-3 asparagine. Callus FM in CAB-6P was the greatest at 1 mg dm^-3 and in Gisela 6 at 2 mg dm^-3 citrulline. Callusing was 100 % in the majority of treatments for CAB-6P and 92.31 % for Gisela 6 with 0.5 or 2 mg dm^-3 citrulline. Cysteine, citrulline, and glutamine diminished chlorophyll content in Gisela 6 whereas in CAB-6P all four amino acids hardly affected it. Carotenoid and porphyrin content in CAB-6P was decreased due to asparagine (0.5 or 1 mg dm^-3). Porphyrin content in CAB-6P was also reduced by adding 0.5 or 1 mg dm^-3 cysteine or 2 mg dm^-3 citrulline. In Gisela 6, all amino acids decreased carotenoid and porphyrin content. In CAB-6P, all treatments except 0.5 mg dm^-3 glutamine or 2 mg dm^-3 asparagine increased leaf sucrose content. In roots, both sucrose and proline content were increased only at 1 mg dm^-3 cysteine whereas in leaves only 0.5 mg dm^-3 asparagine caused a 3-fold increase in proline content. A decrease in root proline in CAB-6P was observed due to asparagine, citrulline, or glutamine. In Gisela 6, decreased leaf sucrose and proline content was recorded at 2 mg dm^-3 cysteine. All amino acids did not alter root sugar content remarkably whereas root proline content was raised by adding 0.5 mg dm^-3 glutamine or 1 mg dm^-3 cysteine.

Keywords: amino acids; carotenoids; chlorophyll; micropropagation; porphyrins; proline; rhizogenesis; sugars

Subjects: asparagine; cysteine; citrulline; glutamine; in vitro rooting; amino acids; carotenoids; chlorophyll; proline; sucrose; cherry rootstock

Received: January 4, 2015; Revised: June 13, 2015; Accepted: July 7, 2015; Published: January 1, 2016 Show citation

Share...

1. Abou El-Nil, M.M.: The effects of amino acid nitrogen on growth of date palm callus. - In: Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Date Palm. Pp. 59-65. King Faisal Univ., Al-Hassa 1989.
2. Aguilar, R., Sanchez de Jimenez, E.: Amino acid pools and protein synthesis in germinating maize embryos. - Plant Cell Rep. 3: 193-195, 1984. Go to original source...
3. Agulló-Antón, M.A., Sánchez-Bravo, J., Acosta, M., Druege, U.: Relation between light conditions and carbohydrate levels during the storage of carnation cuttings: effects on adventitious roots formation. - In: Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Adventitious Root Formation; From Cell Fate Flexibility to Root Meristem Determination and Biomass Formation. Pp. 115-116. Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 2008.
4. Ahkami, A.H, Melzer, M., Haensch, K.T., Franken, P., Hause, B., Druege, U., Hajirezaei, M.R.: Possible involvement of carbohydrate metabolism in adventitious root formation in Petunia hybrida cuttings. - In: Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Adventitious Root Formation; From Cell Fate Flexibility to Root Meristem Determination and Biomass Formation. Pp. 81-82. Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 2008.
5. Amin, A.A., Gharib, F.A.E., El-Awadi, M., Rashad, E.S.M.; Physiological response of onion plants to foliar application of putrescine and glutamine. - Sci. Hort. 3: 353-360, 2011. Go to original source...
6. Arce, P., Balboa, O.: Seasonality in rooting of Prosopis chilensis cuttings and in vitro micropropagation. - Forest Ecol. Manage. 40: 163-173, 1991. Go to original source...
7. Arulanantham, A.R., Rao, M., Terry, N.: Limiting factors in photosynthesis. - Plant Physiol. 93: 1466-1475, 1990. Go to original source...
8. Belonogova, M.A., Raldugina, G.N.: Root regeneration from cotyledon explants of fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum) and their subsequent rooting. - Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 53: 501-506, 2006. Go to original source...
9. Carvalho, D.C., Silva, A.L.L., Schuck, M.R., Purcino, M., Tanno, G.N., Biasi, L.A.: Fox grape cv. Bordô (Vitis labrusca L.) and grapevine cv. Chardonnay (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivated in vitro under different carbohydrates, amino acids and 6-benzylaminopurine levels. - Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 56: 191-201, 2013. Go to original source...
10. Cohen, J.D., Bialek, K.: The biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid in higher plants. - In: Crozier, A., Hillman, J.R. (ed.): The Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Plant Hormones. Pp. 165-181. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1984.
11. Correa, L.R., Stein, R.J., Fett-Neto, A.G.: Adventitious rooting of detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. - Biol. Plant. 56; 25-30, 2012. Go to original source...
12. Coruzzi, G., Last, R.: Amino acids. - In Buchanan, B., Gruissem, W., Jones, R. (ed.): Biochemistry and Biology of Plants. Pp. 358-410. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland 2000.
13. De Filippis, L.F., Hampp, R., Ziegler, H.: The effects of sublethal concentrations of zinc, cadmium and mercury on Euglena growth and pigments. - Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 101; 37-47, 1981. Go to original source...
14. Dolatabadian, A., Jouneghani, R.S.: Impact of exogenous ascorbic acid on antioxidant activity and some physiological traits of common bean subjected to salinity stress. - Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj 37: 165-172, 2009.
15. El-Shiaty, O.H., El-Sharabasy, S.F., Abd El-Kareim, A.H.; Effect of some amino acids and biotin on callus and proliferation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Sewy cultivar. - Arab. J. Biotechnol. 7: 265-272, 2004.
16. Faye, M., Ourry, A., Saidali-Savi, C., Dargent, R., Boucaud, J., David, A.: Effects of glutamine and K-glutamate on assimilation of [15N]-nitrate during auxin treatment for root formation in vitro (Pinus pinaster). - Physiol. Plant. 76; 277-282, 1989. Go to original source...
17. Filner, P.: Regulation of nitrate reductase in cultured tobacco cells. - Biochem. biophys. Acta 118: 299-310, 1966. Go to original source...
18. Fukunaga, Y., King, J.: The effect of L-amino acid on the growth and nitrate reductase activity in cultured cells of Datura innoxia. - Plant. Sci. Lett. 24: 45, 1982. Go to original source...
19. George, E.F., Hall, M.A., De Klerk, G.J.: Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. 3rd Ed. - Springer, Dordrecht 2008. Go to original source...
20. Grimes, H.D., Hodges, T.K.: The inorganic NO3:NH4 ratio influences plant regeneration and auxin sensitivity in primary callus derived from immature embryos of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.). - J. Plant Physiol. 136: 362-367, 1990. Go to original source...
21. Groot, C.C., Marcelis, L.F., Boogaard, R., Kaise, W.M., Lambers, H.: Interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition in determining growth. - Plant Soil 248: 257-268, 2003. Go to original source...
22. Haissig, B.E.: Metabolic process in adventitious rooting of cuttings. - In Jackson, B.M. (ed.): New Root Formation in Plants and Cuttings. Pp. 141-189. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht 1986. Go to original source...
23. Hamasaki, R.M., Purgatto, E., Mercier, H.: Glutamine enhances competence for organogenesis in pineapple leaves cultivated in vitro. - Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 17: 383-389, 2005. Go to original source...
24. Haroun, S.A., Shukry, W.M., El-Sawy, O.: Effect of asparagine or glutamine on growth and metabolic changes in Phaseolus vulgaris under in vitro conditions. - Bioscience Res. 7: 1-21, 2010.
25. Haq, I.U., Soomro, F., Parveen, N., Dahot, M.U., Mirbahar, A.A.: Certain growth related attributes of micropropagated banana under different salinity levels. - Pak. J. Bot. 43; 1655-1658, 2011.
26. Jabeen, F., Shahbaz, M., Ashraf, M.: Discriminating some prospective cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.) for drought tolerance using gas exchange characteristics and proline contents as physiological markers. - Pak. J. Bot. 40: 2329-2343, 2008.
27. James, D.J.: Adventitious root formation 'in vitro' in apple rootstocks (Malus pumila) I. Factors affecting the length of the auxin-sensitive phase in M.9. - Physiol. Plant. 57: 149-153, 1983a. Go to original source...
28. James, D.J.: Adventitious root formation 'in vitro' in apple rootstocks (Malus pumila) II. Uptake and distribution of indole-3-acetic acid during the auxin sensitive phase in M.9 and M.26. - Physiol. Plant. 57: 154-158, 1983b. Go to original source...
29. Kakkar, R.K., Rai, V.K.: Effect of exogenous amino acid application on rhizogenesis in hypocotyl cuttings of Phaseolus vulgaris L. - Curr. Sci. 2: 82-84, 1988.
30. Kamada, H., Harada, H.: Influence of several growth regulators and amino acids on in vitro organogenesis of Torenia fournieri Lind. - J. exp. Bot. 30: 27-36, 1979. Go to original source...
31. Kavi Kishor, P.B.: Aromatic amino acid metabolism during organogenesis in rice callus culture. - Physiol. Plant. 75; 395-398, 1989. Go to original source...
32. Kazemi, M., Gholami, M., Asadi, M., Aghdasi, S., Almasi, M.; Response of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) to salicylic acid and glutamine. - Asian J. Biochem. 7: 158-164, 2012. Go to original source...
33. Khan, A.A., McNeilly, T., Collins, C.: Accumulation of amino acids, proline, and carbohydrates in response to aluminium and manganese stress in maize. - J. Plant Nutr. 23: 1303-1314, 2000. Go to original source...
34. Kim, Y.W., Moon, H.K.: Enhancement of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis). - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 88: 241-245, 2007. Go to original source...
35. Kumar, S.P., Kumari, B.D.R.: Effect of amino acids and growth regulators on indirect organogenesis in Artemisia vulgaris L. - Asian J. Biotechnol. 2: 37-45, 2010. Go to original source...
36. Lichenthaler, H.K.: Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembrane. - Methods Enzymol. 148; 350-382, 1987. Go to original source...
37. Liu, Y., Tong, X., Hui, W., Liu, T., Chen, X., Li, J., Zhuang, C., Yang, Y., Liu Z.: Efficient culture protocol for plant regeneration from petiole explants of physiologically mature trees of Jatropha curcas L. - Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2015.1013308. Go to original source...
38. Locy, R.D., Wehner, T.C.: Cucumber shoot tip growth on 9 nitrogen sources in in vitro culture. - Cucurbit Gen. Cooperative Rep. 5: 10-11, 1982.
39. Lokhande, A.A., Gaikwad, D.K.: Effect of plant growth regulators on photosynthetic pigments and products of two onion varieties. - Indian J. Adv. Plant Res. 1: 15-18, 2014.
40. Macháčková, I., Zažímalová, E., George, E.F.: Plant growth regulators I: Introduction; auxins, their analogues and inhibitors. - In: George, E.F., Hall, M.A., De Klerk, G.J. (ed.): Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Pp. 175-204. Springer, Dordrecht 2008.
41. Murashige, T., Skoog, F.: A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. - Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497, 1962. Go to original source...
42. Nasholm, T., Persson, J.: Plant acquisition of organic nitrogen in boreal forests. - Physiol. Plant. 111: 419-426, 2001. Go to original source...
43. Nunes, E.N., Montenegro, I.N.A., Fernandez, Y.T.D., Nansimento, D.A.M., Nansimento, R., Alvez, C.A.B., Souto, J.S.: Biochemical responses of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars subjected to nitrate and glutamine fertilizers. - Afr. J. agr. Res. 9: 3663-3671, 2014.
44. Orlikowska, T.: Effect of amino acids on rooting of apple dwarf rootstocks in vitro. - Biol. Plant. 34: 39-44, 1992. Go to original source...
45. Pedrotti, E.L., Allemand, C.J., Doumas, P., Cornu, D.: Effect of autoclaving amino acids on in vitro rooting response of wild cherry shoot. - Sci. Horticult. 57: 89-98, 1994. Go to original source...
46. Plummer, D.T.: Practical Biochemistry. 3rd Ed. - McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York 1987.
47. Polanuer, B., Sholi A., Demina, N., Rumiantseva, N.; Determination of glutamine, glutamate acid and pyroglutamate acids using high-performance liquid chromatography on dynamically modified silica. - J. Chromatogr. 594: 173-178, 1992. Go to original source...
48. Porra, R.J., Thompson, W.A., Kriedelman, P.E.: Determination of accurate extraction and simultaneously equation for assaying chlorophyll a and b extracted with different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 975: 384-394, 1989. Go to original source...
49. Pritsa, T.S., Voyiatzis, D.G.: The in vitro morphogenetic capacity of olive embryo explants at different developmental stages, as affected by L-glutamine, L-arginine and 2,4-D. - J. biol. Res. 1: 55-61, 2004.
50. Ranga Rao, G.V., Prasad, M.N.V.: Plant regeneration from the hypocotyl callus of Acacia auriculiformis /multipurpose tree legume. - J. Plant Physiol. 137: 625-627, 1991. Go to original source...
51. Sauerbrey, E., Grossmann, K., Jung, J.: Ethylene production by sunflower cell suspensions. - Plant Physiol. 87: 510-513, 1988. Go to original source...
52. Shahriari, A.M., Bagheri, A., Sharifi, A., Moshtaghi, N.; Efficient regeneration of 'Caralis' Alstroemeria cultivar from rhizome explants. - Not. Sci. Biol. 4: 86-90, 2012. Go to original source...
53. Shahsavari, E.: Impact of tryptophan and glutamine on the tissue culture of upland rice. - Plant Soil Environ. 57: 7-10, 2011. Go to original source...
54. Shanhani, P.S.: Nitrogen effect on callus induction and plant regeneration of Juniperus excelsa. - Int. J. Agr. Biol. 5: 419-422, 2003.
55. Shibaoka, H., Mitsuhashi, M., Shimokoriyama, M.: Promotion of adventitious root formation by heliangine and its removal by cysteine. - Plant Cell Physiol. 8: 161-170, 1967. Go to original source...
56. Shohael, A.M., Akanda, M.A.L., Parvez, S., Mahfuja, S., Alam, M.F., Islam, F., Joarder, N.: Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature embryo derived callus of inbred maize (Zea mays L.). - Biotechnology 2: 154-161, 2003. Go to original source...
57. Siwach, P., Chanana, S., Gill, A.R., Dhanda, P., Rani, J., Sharma, K., Rani, H., Kumari, D.: Effects of adenine sulphate, glutamine and casein hydrolysate on in vitro shoot multiplication and rooting of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). - Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11: 15852-15862, 2012. Go to original source...
58. Sotiropoulos, T.E., Dimassi, K.N., Therios, I.N.: Effects of L-arginine and L-cysteine on growth, and chlorophyll and mineral contents of shoots of the apple rootstock EM 26 cultured in vitro. - Biol. Plant. 49: 443-445, 2005. Go to original source...
59. Sudarsana Rao, G.V, Chandra, R., Polisetty, R.: Role of amino acids in evolution of ethylene and methane, and development of microshoots in Cajanus cajan. - Biol. Plant. 44: 13-18, 2001. Go to original source...
60. Taha, H.S., El-Bahr, M.K., Seif-El-Nasr, M.M.: In vitro studies on Egyptian Catharanthus roseus L.G. Don. IV; Manipulation of some amino acids as precursors for enhanced of indole alkaloids production in suspension cultures. Aust. J. basic appl. Sci. 3: 3137-3144, 2009.
61. Troll, W., Lindsley, J.: A photometric method for determination of proline. - J. biol. Chem. 215: 655-660, 1955. Go to original source...
62. Tsuji, M., Kuwano, E., Saito, T., Eto, M.: Root growthpromoting activities of N-acetyl-L-proline derivatives. - Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 56: 778-782, 1992. Go to original source...
63. Watanabe, S., Katsumi, K., Yuji, I., Sasaki, S.: Effects of saline and osmotic stress on proline and sugar accumulation in Populus euphratica in vitro. - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 63: 199-206, 2001.
64. Welander, T.: Influence of nitrogen and sucrose in the medium and of irradiance of the stock plants on root formation in Pelargonium petioles grown in vitro. - Physiol. Plant. 43; 136-141, 1978. Go to original source...
65. Wintermans, J.F.G.M., De Mots, A.: Spectrophotometric characteristics of chlorophylls a and b and their pheophytins in ethanol. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 109: 448-453, 1965. Go to original source...
66. Yang, C.M., Chang, K.W., Yin, M.H., Hung, H.M.: Methods for the determination of the chlorophylls and their derivatives. - Taiwania 43: 116-122, 1998. Go to original source...
67. Zhang, H., Jennings, A., Barlow, W.P., Forde, G.B: Dual pathways for regulation of root branching by nitrate. - Plant Biol. 96: 6529-6534, 1999. Go to original source...
68. Zhu, M., Xu, A., Yuan, M., Huang, C.H., Yu, Z., Wang, L., Yu, J.: Effects of amino acids on callus differentiation in barley anther culture. - Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 22: 201-204, 1990. Go to original source...